Abstract
Mesopotamia was the setting for the earliest documented "pristine" complex societies and therefore provides a model for comparison with other early urban and state systems. This paper will discuss some modifications of our understanding of Mesopotamian urban societies precipitated by current research.
Mesopotamia was an urban society par excellence, but it is now clear that its cities must be considered within the broader context of their hinterlands, which were also transformed by the new socioeconomic, political and cultural developments.
Within the city, the temple served as an integrative mechanism as well as an economic institution, but the old model of the "temple city" must be revised. While the significance of interregional contact is undeniable, the world-systems model often invoked to explain the "Uruk expansion" requires re-thinking given the complexity of the evidence.
Variables yet to be accorded significant attention such as scalar stress can be profitably added to the discussion. Finally, the variability within Mesopotamia itself deserves emphasis: Mesopotamian civilization was not monolithic.