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The Civilising Process of Japan
Kazuo HIROSE
Nara Graduate School of Human Culture, Nara Women's University, JAPAN
Abstract
$B!!!!!!(BIrrigated rice paddies were introduced from southern Korea in the fourth or fifth centuries B.C. The performance of cooperative labor and regulation of interests in the dry season led to the birth of a system in which one individual, a leader, was given authority over the cooperative body. The agricultural cooperatives composed of a leader and a farming class were located near the basins of small and medium sized rivers. It was not possible to attain total self sufficiency exclusively through agriculture in procuring assets for daily living, the production of goods, prestige and authority. Therefore the specialized production of goods suitable to each area$B%f(Bs environment developed and a network of commodities, people and information was created to trade products. Religious rituals also played an important role in ensuring the perpetuity of the cooperative body. The leader was the supervisor of all activity. Surplus in the form of reserved rice, trade funds and funds and goods for rituals and festivals was accumulated by the leader because he shouldered the burden of controlling reproduction in the cooperative body.
$B!!!!!!(BContact with the Early Han Dynasty occurred around the last half of the first century B.C. The ruling classes of southern Korea and northern Kyushu, who had previously shared a kinship, heightened their individual senses of autonomy with ruling cooperatives that openly asserted their heterogenic natures and produced great numbers of great leaders (kings) to represent their interests. It was from this time that the Chinese dynasty became the hub from which ruling cooperative bodies extended out radially, creating an East Asian sphere. A variety of specialized production was carried out at key locations. Handicrafts produced in specialized workshops and agricultural villages were traded and festivals and rituals were conducted at temples. People who were engaged in these activities gathered and resided there. They were also governed by the rulers. These centers of politics, economics and religion should be called Yayoi cities.
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