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$B!J(J15$B!K(J	$B!!@D?98)H,8M;T@'@n$NIwD%0d@W$G=;5o@W$N>2LL$+$iH/8+$5$l$?%3%a(J7$BN3$H%"%o$d%R%($N;~4|$O!$FlJ88e4|Kv$H?dDj$5$l$F$$$k!#F1$8;~4|$N2,;3$NLb:/EZ4o$H$$$$$3$N$9$H$H$b$K!$D4::@:EY$N8~>e$,$^$9$^$9MW5a$5$l$k$3$H$O$^$A$,$$$J$$$G$"$m$&!#$3$l$i$N9rJ*$NB8:_$,$=$N$^$^:OG]$K$D$J$,$k$H$$$&$b$N$G$b$J$$$,!$@>F|K\$K$*$$$F$OFlJ80JMh$NF;6q$d$=$l$rJQMF$5$;$?F;6q$G!$9rJ*:OG]$r@86H$N0l$D$K2C$($F$$$?2DG=@-$O9b$^$C$?$H9M$($F$$$k!#$3$NNc$,$3$N;~4|$NEZ4oAH@.$d@P4oAH@.$NJQ2=$rH<$C$F$$$k$N$+$I$&$+$O:#8e$N2]Bj$@$,!$:_Mh$NF;6q$G:OG]$7$F$$$?2DG=@-$O==J,$K9M$($i$l$k!#$7$+$7$=$N$"$jJ}$O:N=8$dEg$dNKEl!&NK@>$K$_$i$l$k$N$HF1$8$h$&$KLVMeE*$J?)NH3MF@$,$*$3$J$o$l$F$$$?CJ3,$J$N$G$"$k!#(J
$B!J(J16$B!K(J	$B!!HMUFH*$dKRC\$J$I$K$h$kE0DlE*$JGK2u$,I,MW$G$"$k!#$7$?$,$C$F$9$/$J$/$H$bLo@8;~Be$NHDIU<~JU$G$O$=$N$h$&$JE0DlE*$J?9NSGK2u$,$J$+$C$?$3$H$,?dDj$G$-$k!#Lk11-5<04|$N?eED$O!$D9Bg$J?eO)$rDc0LCJ5V$r2#@Z$k$+$?$A$G7!:o$7$?$J$+$KLpHD$d9:Ns$rBgNL$KMQ$$$F6h2h$5$l$F$$$k$N$G!$$3$l$,H2:NI`$d2C9)I`$NB?$5$rH?1G$7$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#KLIt6e=#$H5&Fb$N@P4oAH@.$K$_$i$l$k:9$O!$2D9LCO$N69$5$rGX7J$K$7$?3+ED3hF0$rH?1G$7$?$N$G$O$J$/!$3+EDCO$NCOM}E*>r7o$d?eED9=B$$N0c$$$rH?1G$7$F$$$?$N$G$"$k!#(J
$B!J(J17$B!K(J	$B!!BG@=@PI`$O$"$^$j9E$$EZ>m$G$N9L:n$O$`$+$:!$:=u$NEZ>m$KE,$7$?EZ7!$j6q$J$N$G!$H*$NEZ>m$N0c$$$,G@6q$N0c$$$H$J$C$F$"$i$o$l$?2DG=@-$b$"$k!#(J
$B!J(J18$B!K(J	$B!!6U4dN$0d@W$NG/Be$O8&5f>5FN$$,Lk11!AHDIU-6(Ja$B<0$H9M$($i$l$F$$$k$H$3$m$+$i!LIpKv!!(J1987A$B!M!$6U4dN$$O5*85A0(J4$B@$5*0JA0!$>>5FN$$r5*85A0(J3$B@$5*0JA0$K9M$($F$*$/!#(J
$B!J(J19$B!K(J	$B!!k;T9uEZ0d@W$dFn6e=#$N;$$j@Z$j@PJyCz$r=PEZ$7$?0d@W$b$3$N$h$&$JGX7J$N$J$+$G@.N)$7$?2DG=@-$,$"$k!#(J
$B!J(J20$B!K(J	$B!!8=:_!$Lk11-5<00JA0$N?e0p:OG]$,B8:_$7$?$3$H$r<($7$=$&$J;qNA$O%3%a$HLb:/EZ4o$7$+$J$/!$F;6q!&=8Mn!&Jh$J$I$bFlJ8;~Be$HBg$-$JJQ2=$O$J$$!#$3$l$OHDIU$GFlJ8?eED$,$_$D$+$kA0$+$i!$FMBSJ8EZ4oC1=cCJ3,$K$*$1$k?e0p:OG]$NB8:_$,M=A[$5$l$?>u67$H$O$^$C$?$/0[$J$C$F$$$k$N$G!$>/$J$/$H$bLk11-5<00JA0$KLo@8;~Be$N>e8B$r0z$->e$2$k$h$&$J?e0pG@9L$O2DG=@-$,>/$J$$$N$G$O$J$$$+$H9M$($F$$$k!#(J

---

$B;29MJ88%(J

---

$B@VBt!!0R(J	1983$B!'(J	$B!VF|K\$N<+A3$HFlJ8J82=$NCOJ}:9!W!J!X?MN`3X!]$=$NB?MM$JH/E8!]!Y(J14-29$B!$F|7P%5%$%(%s%9
	1988$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8?M$N@86H!]$=$N@8BVE*N`7?$H5(@aE*E83+!]!W!J!XH*:nJ82=$NCB@8!Y(J39-268$B!$F|K\J|Aw=PHG6(2q!K!#(J
$B0B!!:_Zn(J	1992$B!'(J	$B!V>>5FN$N`7?$N8!F$!W!J!XBh(J6$B2s3x;3!]6e=#6&F18&5f2qH/I=MW;]!Y(J1-24$B!K!#(J
$B@P@nF|=P;V(J	1988$B!'(J	$B!V0K@*OQ1h4_COJ}$K$*$1$kFlJ8;~BeHU4|!&Lo@8;~Be$N@P4oAH@.!W!J!X!c>r:/J87OEZ4o!dJ82=$r$a$0$k=tLdBj!]FlJ8$+$iLo@8!]!Y(J117-124$B!$0&CN9M8E3XCLOC2q!K!#(J
	1989$B!'(J	$B!VLo@8;~Be8&5f$NF08~!W!J!XF|K\9M8E3XG/Js!Y(J40$B!$(J15-21$B!$F|K\9M8E3X6(2q!K!#(J
	1991$B!'(J	$B!VLo@8;~Be$N@P4o!W!J!X5(4)9M8E3X!Y(J35$B!$(J34-37$B!K!#(J
$B@t!!BsNI(J	1987$B!'(J	$B!V?"J*@-?)NA!W!J!X5(4)9M8E3X!Y(J21$B!$(J63-67$B!K!#(J
	1991$B!'(J	$B!VLo@8;~Be$O$$$D;O$^$C$?$+!W!J!XAhE@!!F|K\$NNr;K!Y(J1$B!]86;OJT!$(J188-202$B!$?7?MJ*1}Mh
$B;T@n7rIW(J	1987$B!'(J	$B!X%V%JBS$HF|K\?M!Y9VCL
$B:#B<7<<$(J	1989$B!'(J	$B!V72=8CyB"7j$HBG@=@PI`!W!J!X9M8E3X$HL1B2;o!Y(J61-94$B!$O;6==PHG!K!#(J
$B9>:d51Lo(J	1959$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8J82=$N;~Be$K$*$1$k?"J*:OG]5/8;$NLdBj$KBP$9$k0l9M;!!W!J!X9M8E3X;(;o!Y(J44-3$B!$(J10-16$B!K!#(J
$B2,!!7C2p(J	1987$B!'(J	$B!VKL>e;3CO!];3B<$K$*$1$k%"%/H4$-5;=Q!]L1B/
$B3^860BIW(J	1982$B!'(J	$B!V=PEZ
$BGp869'=S(J	1992$B!'(J	$B!VLo@8;~Be@P4o$N;O$^$j!]KLIt6e=#$NMMAj!]!W!J!XBh(J31$B2sKdB"J82=:b8&5f=82q!!Lo@8;~Be$N@P4o!]$=$N;O$^$j$H=*$o$j!]!Y(J20-22$B!K!#(J
$B?@B	1985$B!'(J	$B!V@P@=9L:n6q!W!J!XLo@8J82=$N8&5f!Y(J5$B!$(J85-89$B!$M:;33U!K!#(J
$B2O8}DgFA(J	1983$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8ApAO4|$NCyB"7j!]
$B5HNIN5IW(J	1985$B!'(J	$B!V%3%a%s%H(J3$B!W!J!X5(4)?MN`3X!Y(J16-3$B!$(J22-30$B!K!#(J
$B>.CS;KE/(J	1985$B!'(J	$B!VJ!2,8)9-ED0d@W!W!J!XC5K,F|K\$NFlJ80d@W!Y@>F|K\JT!$(J345-351$B!$M-He3U!K!#(J
$B9C85bCG7(J	1986$B!'(J	$B!VLo@8?M$N?)NA!W!J!X5(4)9M8E3X!Y(J14$B!$(J29-33$B!K!#(J
	1991A$B!'(J	$B!VLo@8G@9L$NE83+!W!J!X5(4)9M8E3X!Y(J37$B!$(J29-33$B!K!#(J
	1991B$B!'(J	$B!VElKL%"%8%"$N=i4|G@9LJ82=!]<+A30dJ*$NJ,@O$rCf?4$H$7$F!]!W!J!XF|K\$K$*$1$k=i4|Lo@8J82=$N@.N)!Y(J553-613$B!$J88%=PHG!K!#(J
$B>.NSC#M:(J	1983$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ87P:Q!W!J!XFlJ8J82=$N8&5f!Y(J2$B!]@86H!]!$(J4-16$B!$M:;33U!K!#(J
$B>.NS@5=U(J	1991$B!'(J	$B!V@P4o$N=*$o$k;~!W!J!X5(4)9M8E3X!Y(J35$B!$(J38-41$B!K!#(J
$B>.NS9/CK(J	1974$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8;~Be@8;:3hF0$N:_$jJ}!]FC$KCfItCOJ}$K$*$1$kFlJ8;~BeA04|!&Cf4|$N@P4oAH@.$rCf?4$H$7$F!](J(1)$B!A(J(4)$B!W!J!X?.G;!Y(J26-12$B!$(J27-2$B!&(J4$B!&(J5$B!K!#(J
$B>.NS9TM:(J	1965$B!'(J	$B!V5;=Q$H5;=Q
$B>.NS9TM:!&:486!!bC(J	1964$B!'(J	$B!X;g1@=P!]9a@n8);0K-74OM4VD.;g1@=P;3Lo@8<00d@W$N8&5f!]!Y!#(J
$B	1986$B!'(J	$B!V@P4oAH@.$+$i$_$?Lo@8?M$N@86H%Q%?!<%s!W!J!XJ82=:b3XJs!Y(J4$B!$(J19-37$B!$F`NIBg3XJ83XIt!K!#(J
	1989$B!'(J	$B!V=i4|G@9L3+Bs3hF0$N=t7ABV!W!J!XJ82=:b3XJs!Y(J7$B!$(J1-15$B!$F`NIBg3XJ83XIt!K!#(J
$B:y0f90?M(J	1986$B!'(J	$B!X91@n0d@W72!YHSED;T650i0Q0w2q!#(J
$B:eK\!!G+(J	1983$B!'(J	$B!VF|K\5Z$S$=$N<~JU$N;(9r!W!J!XF|K\G@9LJ82=$N8;N.!Y(J59-120$B!$F|K\J|Aw=PHG6(2q!K!#(J
$B:4!9LZ9bL@(J	1991$B!'(J	$B!XF|K\;KCB@8!Y=81Q
$B:4!9LZ9bL@(J $B!&>>;3MxIWJT(J	1988$B!'(J	$B!XH*:nJ82=$NCB@8!YF|K\J|Aw=PHG6(2q!#(J
$BD,8+!!9@(J	1964$B!'(J	$B!VCf!&;M9q$NFlJ8HU4|J82=$r$a$0$kFs!$;0$NLdBj!W!J!XF|K\9M8E3X$N=tLdBj!Y(J17-27$B!K!#(J
	1977$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8;~Be$N?)MQ?"J*!]7x2LN`$NCyB"8K72$rCf?4$H$7$F!]!W!J!X9M8EO@=8!]7D=K>>:j
$B<"2l8)650i0Q0w2q(J	1992$B!'(J	$B!X0@DE8PDl0d@W!]BgDE;T@2MrD.CO@h!]!YFn8P0@DE9RO)(J(2)$B^4^X9);v$KH<$&H/7!D4::35MWJs9p=q!#(J
$B@E2,8)(J	1989$B!'(J	$B!XApLZ$NL1B/!]HXED74?e7&D.!]!Y@E2,8);KL1B/D4::Js9p=q(J9$B!#(J
$B@6?eBgE5(J	1967$B!'(J	$B!X;3:ZA42J!]:N=8$HNAM}!]!Y2H$N8w6(2q!#(J
$B2<[j?.9T(J	1975$B!'(J	$B!V@P4o$N@=:n$H5;=Q!W!J!X8EBe;KH/7!!Y(J4$B!]0p:n$N$O$8$^$j!]!$(J138-148$B!$9VCL
P. ROWLEY CONWY	1981$B!'(J	Slash and Burn in the Temperate European Neolithic$B!%(JFarming Practice in British Prehistory$B!%(JEdinburgh UNIVERSITY PRESS$B!%(J
$B@iLnM5F;(J	1991$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8;~Be$KFs!$(J215-250$B!$El5~ETKdB"J82=:b%;%s%?!
$B9bLZ@5J8(J	1980$B!'(J	$B!V6e=#FlJ8;~Be$N<}3OMQ@P4o!]BG@=@PJyCz$HBG@=@P3y$K$D$$$F!]!W!J!X8EJ82=O@Z?!Y(J69-108$B!K!#(J
$BIpKv=c0l(J	1987A$B!'(J	$B!VLo@8EZ4o$HL5J8EZ4o!&;04ZEZ4o!]J;9T4X78$rCf?4$K!]!W!J!X;0PG6b85N6@h@865
	1987B$B!'(J	$B!VKL6e=#;TD99T0d@W$N9&NsEZ4o!W!J!X5-O?!Y(J24$B!$(J15-21$B!K!#(J
	1991$B!'(J	$B!V6aG/$N;~Be6hJ,O@5D!]FC$KLo@8;~Be$N3+;O$rCf?4$K!]!W!J!XF|K\$K$*$1$k=i4|Lo@8J82=$N@.N)!Y(J173-185$B!$J88%=PHG!K!#(J
$B6LEDK'1Q(J	1991$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8;~Be$KG@9L$O$"$C$?$+!W!J!XAhE@!!F|K\$NNr;K!Y(J1$B!]86;OJT!$(J141-153$B!$?7?MJ*1}Mh
$BDT@?0lO:(J	1983$B!'(J	$B!V2D?)?"J*$N354Q!W!J!XFlJ8J82=$N8&5f!Y(J2$B!$(J18-41$B!$M:;33U!K!#(J
$BE"!!@!85!&0B!!:_Zn(J	1990$B!'(J	$B!V16=#8!C0N$0d@W!W!J!X9M8E3X8&5f!Y(J37-2$B!$(J17-20$B!K!#(J
$BET=PHfO$;V(J	1984$B!'(J	$B!VLo@8EZ4o$K$*$1$kCO0h?'$N@-3J!W!J!X?.G;!Y(J35-4$B!$(J41-53$B!K!#(J
	1991$B!'(J	$B!V9M8E3X$+$i$_$?CO0h@-!]CO0h@-$NNr;KE*JQF0!]!W!J!XF|K\?M$NJ82=$H$=$NCO0h@-!Y(J65-76$B!$J?@.(J2$BG/EY2J3X8&5fHqJd=u6bAm9g8&5f(J (A)$B8&5f@.2LJs9p=q!K!#(J
$B;{Bt!!70!&;{BtCN;R(J	1981$B!'(J	$B!VLo@8;~Be?"J*
	1986$B!'(J	$B!V0p:n5;=Q$HLo@8$NG@6H!W!J!XF|K\$N8EBe!Y(J4$B!$(J291-350$B!$Cf1{8xO@
$B8MBt=	1979$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8G@9LO@!W!J!XF|K\9M8E3X$r3X$V!Y(J2$B!$(J173-191$B!$M-He3U!K!#(J
	1983$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8G@9L!W!J!XFlJ8J82=$N8&5f!Y(J2$B!$(J254-266$B!$M:;33U!K!#(J
$BIYED9I0l(J	1992$B!'(J	$B!V6e=#$NEZ6v!W!J!X9qN)Nr;KL1B/GnJ*4[8&5fJs9p!Y(J37$B!$(J426-448$B!K!#(J
$BK-868;B@O:(J	1988$B!'(J	$B!VG3NAJ8L@$H?"J*
$BFbF#9,M:(J	1987$B!'(J	$B!X%d%^%N%$%b!]:OG]!&CyB"!&MxMQ!]!YG@J86(FC;:%7%j!<%:(J57$B!$G@;35yB
$BD>NI?.IW(J	1965$B!'(J	$B!X8EBe?M$N@83h$H4D6-!Y9;AR=qK
$BCfHx:4=u(J	1967$B!'(J	$B!VG@6H5/8;O@!W!J!X<+A3!]@8BV3XE*8&5f!Y!$Cf1{8xO@
	1988$B!'(J	$B!V@hG@9LCJ3,$H$=$NN`7?!]G@9L5/8;O@$H4XO"$7$F!]!W!J!XH*:nJ82=$NCB@8!Y(J325-344$B!$F|K\J|Aw=PHG6(2q!K!#(J
$BCfB	1982$B!'(J	$B!V2VJ4$+$i$_$?FlJ8$+$iLo@8!W!J!XNr;K8xO@!Y(J8-1$B!$(J71-77$B!K!#(J
$BFa?\9'Dt(J	1983$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8;~Be$N%/%j!W!J!X(JNature study$B!Y(J29(10)$B!$(J2-6$B!$Bg:e;TN)<+A3;KGnJ*4[M'$N2q!K!#(J
$B@>ED@55,(J	1981$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8;~Be$N?M4V!]?"J*4X78!]?)NA@8;:$N=P8=2aDx!W!J!XL1B23XGnJ*4[8&5fJs9p!Y(J6-2$B!$(J234-255$B!K!#(J
	1986$B!'(J	$B!XDj=;3WL?!]M7F0$HDj=;$N?MN`;K!]!Y?7MK
$BLn8}9TM:(J	1985$B!'(J	$B!VKEg$K$*$1$kFlJ8;~Be@8;:3hF0$NMMAj!]FlJ8;~BeCf4|$+$i8e4|A0H>$K$*$1$k@8;:MQ6qAH@.$N:_$jJ}!]!W!J!X@iMU8)J82=:b%;%s%?!<8&5f5*MW!Y(J9$B!$(J205-236$B!K!#(J
$BG=EP!!7r(J	1987$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8G@9LO@!W!J!XO@Ah!&3X@bF|K\$N9M8E3X!Y(J3$B!$(J93-124$B!$2O=P=qK
$BNS!!8,:n(J	1986$B!'(J	$B!V55%v2,$H1s2l@n!W!J!XF|K\9M8E3X!Y(J5$B!$(J83-124$B!$4dGH=qE9!K!#(J
$B=U@.=(<$(J	1969$B!'(J	$B!VCf9q!&;M9q!W!J!X?7HG9M8E3X9V:B!Y(J3$B!$(J367-384$B!$M:;33U!K!#(J
$BJ?0f!!>!(J	1991$B!'(J	$B!XLo@8;~Be$N@P4o!Y%K%e!<%5%$%(%s%9
$BF#Hx?50lO:(J	1988$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8$+$iLo@8!]?eEDG@9L$N3+;O$+DjCe$+!]!W!J!XF|K\L1B2!&J82=$N@8@.!Y(J437-452$B!$O;6==PHG!K!#(J
	1990$B!'(J	$B!V@>It6e=#$N9oL\FMBSJ8EZ4o!W!J!X9qN)Nr;KL1B/GnJ*4[8&5fJs9p!Y(J26$B!$(J1-75$B!K!#(J
$BF#8}7rFs(J	1986$B!'(J	$B!VD+A/L5J8EZ4o$HLo@8EZ4o!W!J!XLo@8J82=$N8&5f!Y(J3$B!$(J147-162$B!$M:;33U!K!#(J
$BKYED!!K~(J	1983$B!'(J	$B!V%$%b7?M-MQ?"J*$N5/8;$H7OE}!]El%"%8%"$rCf?4$K!]!W!J!XF|K\G@9LJ82=$N8;N.!Y(J17-58$B!$F|K\J|Aw=PHG6(2q!K!#(J
Horikawa Yoshiwo	1972$B!'(J	Atlas of the Japanese Flora$B!%(JGakken$B!$(JTokyo.
$BKRLnIYB@O:(J	1960$B!'(J	$B!XKRLn?7F|K\?"J*?^4U!YKLN44[!#(J
$B@52,KSIW(J	1988$B!'(J	$B!VI44V@n0d@W72$N?eED!W!J!X9M8E3X$H4XO"2J3X!Y(J149-162$B!K!#(J
$B>>C+6G;R(J	1988$B!'(J	$B!VEE;R82Hy6@$G$_$kFlJ8;~Be$N:OG]?"J*!W!J!XH*:nJ82=$NCB@8!Y(J91-117$B!$F|K\J|Aw=PHG6(2q!K!#(J
$B?eEgL-IW(J	1985$B!'(J	$B!V@P3y!W!J!XLo@8J82=$N8&5f!Y(J5$B!$(J125-131$B!$M:;33U!K!#(J
$B8fF2Eg@5(J	1990$B!'(J	$B!V!X2#?O7?@PJyCz!Y$N;HMQ:/J,@O!]Fn?.=#Lo@8;~Be$K$*$1$kBG@=@P4o$N5!G=!]!W!J!X8EBeJ82=!Y(J42-1$B!$(J10-20$B!K!#(J
$BFnLZKSI'(J	1984$B!'(J	$B!V0KF`;a20I_@W0d@W=PEZ$NBg7??"J*0dBN!W!J!XElKL?744@~4X78KdB"J82=:bH/7!D4::Js9p=q!Y-6!$(J203-212$B!$(J($B:b(J)$B:k6L8)KdB"J82=:bD4::;v6HCD!K!#(J
$B;09%65IW(J	1988$B!'(J	$B!V?MN`J8L@$H3IMp$NCO;K!W!J!XF|K\$N?"@8!]?/N,$H3IMp$N@8BV3X!]!Y(J204-217$B!$El3$Bg3X=PHG2q!K!#(J
$B?9!!9@0l(J	1990$B!'(J	$B!X0KLZNO0d@W!YF1;V
$B?9Dg	1960$B!'(J	$B!VEg86H>Eg!J86;3!&;3$N;{!&c*@P86!K5Z$SEbDE;T!J=w;3!K$N9M8E3XE*D4::!]$*$o$j$K!]!W!J!X6e=#9M8E3X!Y(J10$B!$(J6-10$B!K!#(J
$B0BEDA17{(J	1982$B!'(J	$B!V5$8uJQF0!W!J!XFlJ8J82=$N8&5f!Y(J1$B!$(J163-200$B!$M:;33U!K!#(J
$BLx@%>	1988$B!'(J	$B!VCf!&;M9qCOJ}$K$*$1$k0p:nG@9L$N3+;O$HE83+!W!J!XF|K\$K$*$1$k0p:nG@9L$N5/8;$HE83+!Y(J57-61$B!$F|K\9M8E3X6(2q@E2,Bg2q
$B2H:,>MB?(J	1992$B!'(J	$B!VDj=;2=$H:N=83hF0!W!J!X?7HG8EBe$NF|K\!Y(J5$B!]6a5&-5!]!$(J51-72$B!$3Q@n=qE9!K!#(J
$B;3Fb!!J8(J	1988$B!'(J	$B!VC+DEBf0d@W=PEZ$NC:2=:`!W!J!XC+DEBf0d@WH/7!D4::Js9p=q!Y(J33-34$B!$;3Ip9M8E3X8&5f=j!K!#(J
$B;3:j=cCK(J	1978$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8G@9LO@$N8=>u!W!J!XNr;K8xO@!Y(J4-3$B!$(J106-112$B!K!#(J
	1980$B!'(J	$B!VLo@8J82=@.N)4|$K$*$1$kEZ4o$NJTG/E*8&5f!]HDIU0d@W$rCf?4$H$7$F$_$?J!2,!&AaNIJ?Ln$N>l9g!]!W!J!X8EJ82=O@Z?!Y(J117-192$B!K!#(J
	1982$B!'(J	$B!V6e=#COJ}$K$*$1$k3-DM8&5f$N=tLdBj!]FC$K<+A30dJ*!J3-N`!K$K$D$$$F!]!W!J!X6e=#9M8E3X$N=tLdBj!Y(J131-165$B!$El=PHG!K!#(J
	1983$B!'(J	$B!V@>F|K\8e!&HU4|$NG@9L!W!J!XFlJ8J82=$N8&5f!Y(J2$B!$(J267-281$B!$M:;33U!K!#(J
	1986$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8;~Be$N?)NA3MF@!W!J!X?^@bH/7!$,8l$kF|K\;K!Y(J6$B!$(J83-92$B!$?7?MJ*1}Mh
	1987$B!'(J	$B!VKLIt6e=#$K$*$1$k=i4|?eED!]3+EDCO$NA*Br$H?eED9=B$$N8!F$!]!W!J!X6e=#J82=;K8&5f=j5*MW!Y(J32$B!$(J127-186$B!K!#(J
	1992$B!'(J	$B!V6e=#$NLo@8;~Be3-DM!W!J!X9M8E3X%8%c!<%J%k!Y(J366$B!$(J27-33$B!K!#(J
$B;3CfFsCK(J	1979$B!'(J	$B!XF|K\$N?9NS?"@8!Y5FCO=q4[!#(J
	1986$B!'(J	$B!V9bCN8)Fn9q;TEDB<0d@W72$N2-@Q@$8e4|BO@QJ*$N2VJ6J,@O3XE*8&5f!W!J!XEDB<0d@W72!Y(J3$B!$(J493-516$B!$9bCN8)650i0Q0w2q!K!#(J
$B2#;39@0l(J $B!&F#Hx?50lO:(J	1986$B!'(J	$B!V1'LZ5bED0d@W(J1984$BG/EYD4::=PEZ$NEZ4o$K$D$$$F!]9oL\FMBSJ8EZ4o$rCf?4$K!]!W!J!X6e=#J82=;K8&5f=j5*MW!Y(J31$B!$(J59-101$B!K!#(J
$BEOItL@IW(J	1990$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8;~Be8e!&HU4|$N@P4o$K$D$$$F!W!J!X;M9q2#CG<+F0
$BEOJU!!@?(J	1973$B!'(J	$B!VFlJ8;~Be$N%I%s%0%j!W!J!X8EBeJ82=!Y(J25-4$B!$(J127-133$B!K!#(J
	1974$B!'(J	$B!V?)NA3MF@!W!J!X9M8E3X%8%c!<%J%k!Y(J100$B!$(J31-34$B!K!#(J
	1975A$B!'(J	$B!X5~ETI\IqDa;T7,;t2<0d@WH/7!D4::Js9p=q!YJ?0BGnJ*4[!#(J
	1975B$B!'(J	$B!XFlJ8;~Be$N?"J*?)!YM:;33U!#(J

$B!J9qN)Nr;KL1B/GnJ*4[9M8E8&5fIt!K(J

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Jomon to Yayoi as Seen through Subsistence

Fujio Shin'ichiro

$B!!!!(JThis paper deals with how the method of plant food obtaining changed from the Late-to-Final stage in Jomon period to the Early stage in Yayoi period in Western Japan. Although it has been continued that the cultivation of minor grains and cereals existed in this period$B!$(Jno decisive evidence has been found in either archaeology or natural science. This is because archaeological changes in this period were not so conspicuous as those which occurred when wet rice cultivation began. Therefore$B!$(Jit is necessary to look into the question of whether or not the archaeological changes in the Late and Final stage in Jomon Period can be explained solely within the framework of the Jomon culture.
$B!!!!(JThus$B!$(JI took a fresh look at the archaeological changes$B!$(Jfocussing mainly on pottery and stone tools$B!$(Jand examined the social background that caused the changes$B!((Jand I found that there existed something that could not be explained simply by domestic development caused by the transfer of the Eastern Japanese Jomon culture complex$B!$(Jas has been so far maintained. Studies showed that this could be considered to be a change caused by the influence of Korean field farming culture. Since cultural transfers from Eastern Japan might have occurred together with the collective and organizational movement of people$B!$(Jarchaeological changes can be recognized in tools$B!$(Jtechnology$B!$(Jand rite. However$B!$(Jsuch latter changes were not seen. The reason for this may be considered as follows$B!'(JSince Korean field farming culture was transfered through exchanges of information between the Continent and Jomon society continuing from the previous period$B!$(Jthings like tools$B!$(Jtechnology$B!$(Jand ideas were omitted. Since the parent Korean field farming culture was a comprehensive mixed agricultural culture$B!$(Jit fit well with the comprehensive food acquisition system of the Jomon period$B!$(Jwhich did not lean to any specific means of subsistence$B!%(J Existing tools changed a very little$B!$(Jbut the change did not appear in the form of new tools or changes in the composition of stone tools. In contrast to this$B!$(Jthe transfer of wet rice agricultural culture, which centered around paddy-rice cultivation$B!$(Jwas accompanied by an organizational and collective movement of people$B!$(Jand was thus recognized as a great archaeological change in several aspects$B!$(Jincluding tools$B!$(Jthe composition of stone tools$B!$(Jand spiritual culture.
$B!!!!(JConsequently$B!$(Jif cereal cultivation did exist in the Jomon period$B!$(Jit cannot be ranked as the central basis of production$B!$(Jwhile wet-rice cultivation was selected as a specific means of subsistence in the Yayoi period$B!$(Jand must be considered the central basis of production. The shift from the Jomon period to the Yayoi period is characterized by the shift from a comprehensive system of subsistence$B!$(Jincluding cultivation$B!$(Jto a selective system of subsistence$B!%(J

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