Collaborative Research
B. Comparative Research on International Exchange and Cultural Acceptance of Wa from the 6 th-century Burial System
| Type of Research | Scientific Research |
|---|---|
| Project Title | Historical Research on Exchange and Cultural Change |
| Research Title | B. Comparative Research on International Exchange and Cultural Acceptance of Wa from the 6 th-century Burial System |
| Head of the Research Team | SUGIYAMA Shinsaku |
| Research Period | 2005–2007 |
| Research Team |
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| Purpose | In the 6th century, exchanges between the Japanese archipelago, the Korean peninsula, and the Chinese continent were activated and renewed. The existence of a large keyhole-shaped tomb mound, the field survey of which has been recently carried out in the southeastern part of Korea, reminds us that some Japanese people from the Japanese archipelago decided to live permanently there. On the other hand, many remains and artifacts on the Japanese archipelago have features affected by migrants from abroad. Such exchanges are supposed to have greatly contributed to cultural change on the 6th-century Japanese archipelago. The purpose of this research project is to research the traditional burial systems indicative of people's descents in order to verify the past reality of mutual migration between the Japanese archipelago and the Korean peninsula. First, this group will look at burial systems and burial goods of different origins, which were not produced under the conventional burial systems around the Japanese archipelago, and review the validity of evidence showing that those systems and goods were produced by immigrants from abroad. Next, the group will compare those burial systems and burial goods on the archipelago and those corresponding to them in the countries from which those immigrants came. Further, the group will study cases abroad that show that burial systems and goods were produced by immigrants from the archipelago, and consider the roles mutually played by groups of immigrants from different places. |
2007
Progress
| The 1st Workshop |
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Schedule: October 24–29, 2007 The group not only did a survey of artifacts of foreign origin at the Wakayama City Museum and the Reference Library of the Kiifudoki-no-oka Museum of History to study remains and artifacts from the Korean peninsula in Wakayama Prefecture but also made a field survey of Shakanokoshi Kofun, Otani Kofun, Iwasesenzuka Kofun Cluster (Maeyama B53 [Shogun's tomb], Dainichiyama No. 35 Kofun, Dainichiyama No. 22 Kofun, etc.) and exchanged questions and answers after reporting on these. Next，at the Habikino City Education Board and the Historical Exhibition Room of the Fujiidera City Life-Long Learning Center, the group did a survey of excavated artifacts from Niwatorizuka Kofun，Karusato No. 4 Kofun，Asuka-Senzuka, and Furuichi Kofun Cluster, in order to study remains and artifacts originating from the Korean peninsula and discovered around the Furuichi Kofun Cluster in Osaka Prefecture. The group also conducted a field survey of Nishi-Umazuka Kofun and Konda-Hakucho Clay Figure Manufacturing Site and Mukai-Hakayama Kofun, Hakayama Kofun, etc., and exchanged questions and answers reporting on these. Further，at the Himeji City Archaeological Research Center, the Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Archaeology and the Ancient Asago Hall of the Asago-City Buried Cultural Property Center, the group surveyed artifacts excavated from Guzan Kofun, Chasuriyama Kofun, etc. to study remains and artifacts originating from the Korean peninsulas and discovered in Hyogo Prefecture, and conducted a field survey of Guzan Kofun, Gyojazuka Kofun, Chasuriyama Kofun, Ikeda Kofun, and Sironoyama Kofun, and exchanged questions and answers after reporting on these. |
The 2nd Workshop |
Schedule: January 23–28, 2008 Venue: Old Gaya area around Gyeongsang-do, Korea At the Gimhae National Museum, the Dong-a University Museum, the Gyeongnam Development Institute, the Gaya National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, and the Gyeongsang National University Museum, the group not only surveyed excavated articles originating from the Japanese archipelago, such as excavated artifacts from Kosong Songhak-dong No. 1 Tomb, Hamyang Sangbaek-ri, Geoje Jangmok Kofun, and Jinyoung, excavated coffins and artifacts from Songhyeon-dong No. 7 Tomb, excavated materials from Gyeongsan-ri (Ungok-ri), and excavated artifacts from Hapcheon Okjeon Kofun Cluster and Sancheong Saengcho Kofun，but also made a field survey of Songhyeon-dong Kofun Cluster, Gyeongsan-ri Kofun Cluster, Ungok-ri Kofun Cluster, Saengcho Kofun Cluster, Seonjin-ri Kofun, Kosong Songhak-dong Kofun Cluster, Jangmok Kofun, etc., and held a joint review session with researchers on the Korean side. |
Result
This research project has been initiated as an international cooperative research activity for making a comprehensive study of collective migration and migrants' activities thereafter, which were not clearly referred to in old documentation, through review by Japanese and Korean researchers of burial systems of around the 6th century. The group aims at researchers in Korea and Japan, who have long observed remains and artifacts in their own countries, discussing the theme in relation to the same archaeological objects.
At the 1st Workshop, in which the group reviewed the structures of tombs in Wakayama Prefecture and Hyogo Prefecture constructed by groups of migrants who were strongly supposed to have settled their bases in the Japanese Archipelago, it was clarified that not only had technologies been directly introduced from the Korean peninsula, but tomb-construction technology possessed by people in Kyushu was also seen in these prefectures. As cultural properties carried in from the Korean peninsula were buried in the ruling class' Kofuns in these prefectures, the group was able to investigate the home provinces of those cultural properties in the Korean peninsula. This is the new viewpoint the group has obtained through joint discussion, by which to correct the conventional view.
In Osaka Prefecture, the center of the Kofun period in the Japanese archipelago, the group was able to observe newly excavated materials originating from both Japan and Korea and to understand the trend of the supreme ruling class driving forward Japan-South Korea exchanges in the Kofun period.
At the second Workshop held in Korea, the group conducted a survey of not the south-western part but the south-eastern part of Korea, which is known for the existence of large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds. In this part of Korea, remains and artifacts originating from the Japanese archipelago were newly discovered in recent investigation, underlining the existence of exchanges with the Japanese archipelago different in features from those in the south-eastern part of Korea.
The group is planning to compile the results of these comparative research activities as a Research Report, to seek early publication of the results by holding international symposiums in both Japan and Korea, and to have the results publicized via a specially planned exhibition.
2006
Purpose
The group will hold workshops three times in this year. At the first Workshop in October, the group will conduct a field survey and a discussion in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, and Wakasa-cho, Kohama City, Fukui Prefecture, where remains and artifacts of foreign origin have often been excavated. At the 2nd Workshop in December, the group will make a field survey of a large keyhole-shaped tomb mound and stone chambers dug into the side of Kofuns originated from Wo and excavated articles from Wo，and hold a small-scale symposium for discussion of these matters with Korean researchers. At the 3rd Workshop in February, the group will visit Fukuoka Prefecture and Kumamoto Prefecture to make a field survey of 5th-century and 6th-century Kofuns, stone chambers dug into the side of Kofuns and excavated articles from them, which have many similarities to remains discovered in Korea, and will exchange views on them with local researchers.
Progress
| The 1st Workshop |
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Schedule: October 21 (Sat.)–24 (Tue.), 2006 Venue: Otsu-City, Shiga Pref.; and Wakasa-cho (old Kaminaka-cho and old Mikata-cho), Kohama-City, Fukui Pref. Presenters:
※In Otsu City, the group made a local perambulation of stone chambers dug into the side of Kofuns in Fukuoji Kofun Cluster and Hyakke Kofun Cluster and Ondol remains at the Ano site, and visited the Otsu City Buried Cultural Property Center to inspect special miniature jars, etc. At Wakasa-cho, Kohama-City, Fukui Prefecture, the group made a local perambulation of Kofun and stone chambers dug into the side of Kofun that had been constructed over the period from the 5th century to the 6th century and conducted a survey of excavated articles from Kofun displayed at the Jomon Museum, Mikata Town, and the Prefectural Wakasa Museum of History and Folklore. |
The 2nd Workshop |
Schedule: December 21–23, 2006 Venue: Around Gwangju City, Jeollanam-do, Korea Presenters:
The group made a survey of and discussed burial facilities and excavated articles from the 5th- and 6th-century Kofun, and held a small-scale symposium together with researchers in local research organizations. The group made a field survey of Wolgye-dong Kofun Cluster (Gwangju), Yeongcheon-ri Kofun (Jangseong), Seook Kofun Cluster (Damyang Jungok-ri)，Damyang Seongwol-ri woljeon Kofun，and Ullim-dong Kofun (Gwangju) around Gwangju City. Further, in the Samdo Precinct Room of the Honam Cultural Property Research Center, the group inspected excavated articles from Nojeok Site (Hampyeong)，Maekpo Site (Muan)， Hyangdeung (Gwangju)， Donglim Site (Henam No. 2 District), and Chuk-dong Site (Gunsan), and in the Chonnam National University Museum, the group inspected excavated articles from Wolgye-dong (Gwangju)，Ssangam-dong， Bokam-ri (Naju)， Deoksan-ri, Jewol-ri (Damyang)， Yeongcheon-ri (Jangseong)，Wolgye-ri (Hampyeong)，and Seokgye and exchanged views on them with researchers on the Korean side. |
| The 3rd Workshop |
Schedule: February 13 (Tue.)–15 (Thu.), 2007 Venue: Fukuoka and Kumamoto Prefectures Presenters:
Another researcher Next, the group made a survey of excavated materials from Kofuns and settlements in the Reference Library of the Hirokawa-cho Kofun Park (Kofun-pia Hirokawa) and the Iwatoyama Historical Reference Library in Hirokawa-cho and Yame City, Fukuoka Prefecture, and conducted a field survey of stone chambers in Sekijinzan Kofun, Iwatoyama Kofun, and Donanzan Kofun Cluster. In Tamana City and Yamaga City, Kumamoto Prefecture, the group made a field survey of stone chambers dug into the sides of Tukabouzu Kofun, Etafunayama Kofun, and Yokoyama Kofun, and inspected the structure of stone chamber in the Kumamoto Prefectural Ancient Burial Mound Museum. Further, following KOJO Fumio's presentation, the group held a small-scale symposium to exchange views on the reality of ancient exchanges and the background together with researchers in Japan and Korea and local researchers. Lastly，the group made an inspection of excavated articles from Kofun at the Jonan-cho Museum of History and Folklore and the Hikawa-Cho Education Board, and on the other hand, made a field survey of stone chambers dug into the sides of Idera Kofun, Ryuganzuka Kofun, Tsukaharabira Kofun, and Ohnokutsu Kofun. The group came to a common understanding of the structure of stone chambers dug into the side of Kofuns in this area, which are supposed to be part of a burial system similar to large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds and stone chambers dug into the side of Kofuns once constructed in Korea and made a physical inspection of burial goods excavated from Monomiyagura Kofun, such as ear ornaments carried in from the Korean peninsula. |
Result
This research project has been started as an international cooperative research activity for making a comprehensive study of collective migration and migrants' activities thereafter, which were not clearly referred to in old documentation, through review by Japanese and Korean researchers of burial systems of around the 6th century. The group aims at having researchers in Korea and Japan who have long observed remains and artifacts in their own countries discussing the theme with reference to the same archaeological objects.
At the 1st Workshop, it was pointed out that though there were remains in Korea similar in basic structure to stone chambers dug into the side of Kofuns, Ondol remains, and large-walled constructions in Otsu City, which were supposed to have been constructed by migrants, the details of construction and architectural style were different from those of their counterparts in Korea. It was understood that as there were no dwellings of migrants in Wakasa area, the local ancient thanes had brought in foreign articles through their foreign trading activities.
An issue arose around the notion that the group would need to divide remains and artifacts only supposed to be associated with groups of migrants into those from the first generation and those culturally changed by the second generation. It was only through the joint review by Korean and Japanese researchers that the above things were made clear, providing a new point of view that may correct the conventionally held view.
The Korean Gwangju area where the group held he 2nd Workshop is well known as the place where large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds originated from Wo-kuo were constructed; the stone chambers dug into the side of Kofuns constructed there are similar in structure to stone chambers excavated in Kyushu. Wo-migrants from the Japanese archipelago were actively developing their territories, with clay-figure goods and wooden goods in grave mounds. The researchers in Japan and Korean and local researchers held a workshop and a small-scale symposium for research presentations and fruitfully discussed the reality and the background of bilateral exchanges.
Kyushu, where the group held the third Workshop, was indispensable for bilateral exchanges, and possesses stone chambers dug into the side of Kofuns that have similarly structured counterparts in the Korean peninsula. Researchers from Japan and Korea observed the former stone chambers at the same time and place and exchanged views on them to reach a common understanding, which is significant in considering the background reasons for building Kofuns and stone chambers in Korea.
The group is planning to compile the results of its comparative research as a research report and to seek early publication of the results by holding international symposiums both in Japan and in Korea.
2005
Progress
| The 1st Workshop |
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Schedule: September 30–October 2, 2005
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The 2nd Workshop |
Schedule: December 9–11, 2005 December 9 (Fri.): International Research Workshop
December 10 (Sat.): Documentary search
December 11 (Sun.): Independent documentary search
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| The 3rd Workshop |
Schedule: February 16–February 20, 2006 Venue: Buyeo areas in Gongju, Korea The group made a field survey of local remains and artifacts and held workshops for cooperative research in collaboration with the National Institutes for the Humanities (NIHU). |
Result
This research project has been started as an international cooperative research activity for making a comprehensive study of collective migration and migrants' activities thereafter that were not clearly referred to in old documentation, through the review by Japanese-Korean researchers of burial systems of around the 6th century. The group aims at researchers in Korea and Japan who have long observed remains and artifacts in their own countries discussing the theme in relation to the same archaeological objects.
At the first Workshop, the group explained the theme of this research project and exchanged opinions on the entire plan. In consideration of research funds scheduled to be received every year, having no choice but to reduce the number of workshops to three in total over the coming three years, the group decided to hold one workshop in Korea. As candidate sites for field survey and discussion, the group selected nine locations in Japan and three in Korea, but has to make an ingenious plan to complete all the assignments within three years. The group has recognized that the 6th century, which has not been conventionally taken seriously, is important to its future research, and that remains and excavated articles indicative of burial systems, which are conservative and traditional, provide a definite viewpoint in studying collective migration.
In the group's field survey of the northern part of Kanto, members exchanged views on the new type of burial system that had appeared all of a sudden and gained a significant common understanding of the phenomenon. One of the group's new achievements is the recognition that the burial system of the northern part of Kyushu had affected the introduction of the earliest types of stone chambers dug into the side of Kofuns into various parts of Kanto.
The purpose of the international workshop, held as the 2nd Workshop at the National Museum of Japanese History, was to share the results of the survey revisiting the Mausoleum of King Muryeong; the details on status of research were the focus of interest not only for researchers in Korea but also for those in Japan. The reason "International Exchanges of Paekche" was the theme for this international workshop was to immediately make public the status quo of the research, and as the result of having notified research organizations such as universities, museums, and buried cultural property centers in the metropolitan area thereof, many researchers participated in the workshop. The group has also issued a leaflet entitled "International Exchanges of Paekche." In the research report, made simultaneously on mirrors, copper bowls, and accessories, it was clarified that goods characteristic of ancient Korean countries had been carried into the Japanese archipelago. Therefore, the group recognized that it was necessary to continue to make comparative surveys and studies from multiple points of view. In the documentary search made in Tokyo, the group made a lively exchange of views before the documentation.
At the third Workshop, on the initiative of researchers on the Korean side, the group made a field survey of remains and artifacts possessing elements characteristic of Wo in Gongju and Buyeo areas, Korea. Members not only exchanged views on unpublicized materials with researchers of research organizations such as national museums, research centers, and cultural property research centers, but were also given the chance to visit local remains just after excavation, which was very significant for international academic exchange. In addition, research reports were made at the Research Symposium held at the National Museum of Ethnology on March 18 and 19 in collaboration with the National Institutes for the Humanities (NIHU).
